EDRD 7717 Module 3: PowerPoint Questions

"Overview of Assessment" PowerPoint:

1. What is the general purpose of assessments?
       Assessments are inteded to show the teacher what the students know and what they are struggling with. They will also aid the teacher in guiding future instruction.
2. What must assessments reflect?        Assessments must show student progress through various "academic demands".
3. What is the purpose of norm-referenced tests?        Norm-referenced test scores will show you how one student compares to others that were in the reference group. They will show whether a student is performing below or above average.
4. What is the difference in formative and summative assessments?       Formative assessments should be used throughout the total length of units or lessons in order to determine the students' strengths and weaknesses regarding the current topic. They show the teacher what content may need further explanation. Summative assessments are given at the end of units or lessons to determine the students' overall understanding.
5. Are tests a good measurement to determine student performance?        Tests may not always been accurate, but if the test's validity and reliability are taken in to account before the students are given the test then they may be more accurate in measuring student performance.
6. What are high-stakes test used for?       High-stakes tests are used to "determine whether students pass or fail", such as the CRCT taken in the third grade- if the students do not pass specific sections they are not able to move on to fourth grade.

EDRD 7717 Module 3: Video Analysis

      Phonemic awareness is the basis for an effective reader. However, the only grade I feel like I was able to experience true phonics instruction was in Kindergarten, but I was only in that class for a short period of time. I have not seen much phonics instruction in the older grades even though I think it would be beneficial to the students' overall success. I usually try to at least pull it in to our weekly spelling and vocabulary words. The student I am tutoring actually has good word pronunciation and recognition, but she has a lot of problems when it comes to comprehension. Nonetheless, throughout the length of my tutoring sessions I could begin to implement various phoneme activities. One activity that I could do is called "Stretch-A-Word" and it allows you to put a word together, stretch it out (sound it out) and then say the word as a whole. There is also a game a remade called "Roll-A-Word" where the student can roll the die where the faces have beginning phonemes and the game board has ending phonemes. The student will roll the die and if they say the word phonetically correct then they are allowed to move to the next square. These activities will allow my  student to experience various phoneme combinations that would allow her to be able to break apart unfamiliar words in to familiar phonemes. Also, due to the fact that EJ has trouble with comprehension could mean that she is spending excessive effort on decoding the story, so these activities as well as others will hopefully give her the foundation she needs to read for meaning.

EDRD 7717 Module 3: "Formative Assessment: Simply, No Additives" Response

      There is always so much talk about formative assessments, and their importance. We actually had an entire day during preplanning related to formative and summative assessments. Formative assessments are to be used throughout lessons to gain knowledge of the students' understanding as well as guide the future instruction. If there is part of the content that a majority of the students are not understanding then it is time for the teacher to reevaluate his/her teaching strategies and plan lessons to assist in lessening the confusion. As my undergraduate mentor always said, "Don't blame the corn if the corn doesn't grow". "[Formative assessments] involves making judgments about the quality of student responses and using those judgments immediately to guide and improve students' understandings and skills" (Roskos, 2012, p. 534). However, assessing and learning is not only the responsibility of the teacher. Teachers need to provide students with the tools and resources needed to set specific goals for their learning and ways to self-assess. The students need to be completely honest during their self-evaluations, expectation rubrics or content checklists, in order to truly grow as a learner. Rosko stated, "In the end- if learning is to take hold- the teacher has to hand over the cognitive work to the student who, in turn, needs to assume responsibility for getting it right" (2012, p. 536).

EDRD 7717 Module 3: Reading Reaction

      There were a lot of topics discussed in this weeks chapters that had to do with Emergent Literacy. Emergent Literacy is defined as "the developement of the association of print wih meaning that begins early in a child's life and continuous" (Opitz, 2011, p. 105). The term "reading readiness" used to be used to determine if a child was "ready" to start reading, but this term has been replaced by emergent literacy. While the students are in Kindergarden, teachers periodically assess students to determine whether their students are in fact emergent readers. These tests are used to predict the students' future sucess in reading, as well as pin pointing those who may be "at risk". However, the main issue people have with these tests is that they put too much emphasis on time and how quick the studentss can read. I agree with this statement, because if a child is able to comprehend the story within a comfortable amount of time then why should it matter how long it took them. Over time the child will become a faster and faster reader as they continue to read. Time assessments have always been my down fall, because I get stressed before the test even starts thinking about how much time I have per questions. When I was a young student about to take an assessment, if I could have gotten away with being "sick" every time I would because they physically made me sick to my stomach at times. However, it was not because I did not know the information, but because I psyched myself out.
      When Optiz discussed the topic of concept and concept development, it made me think of various topics I learned in my undergrad. We were taught to teach to our students' interests because then the students can take the new content and connect it to their background knowledge. When students find a way to connect or "organize" the information themselves, they are more likely to fully absorb the content because they have remembered it in a way that is familiar to them. However, there is always going to be specific content that one may think is basic that the student will have no prior knowledge on, so it is our job to give the students background on all the stories we read alound. Reading to children will greatly affecting their literacy, but there must be certain things done before, during and after in order to be effective. A few suggestions are "have the children sit comfortably", "make sure there are no distractions", "stop at key points to predict what will happen", "ask questions" and "retell the story in sequence" (Optiz, 2011, p. 121). Reading out loud to students will also help with the students "story sense", which is their ability to successfully structure a story.
     

EDRD 7717 Module 2: Reading Inventory Video Response

      This video was helpful, however, I think that it could have gone in to more detail then just the word list part because there is a lot of different parts to the QRI-5. Once I looked through the book and saw what all it offered I was so excited because this is exactly what my teacher last year had us use when we were completing a case study on a few of our students. This video was helpful in allowing us to see how we should talk to the student and how they may do on the word list section. Making the student comfortable is essential when giving them something like this especially because this is not something that is going to go in the grade book- it is simply for our information and use in helping the student. Letting them know that they just need to do their best and if there is one they do not know they are allowed to skip it is a great way to make them feel comfortable because then they will not get nervous if they get to a word they do not know. I have already completed my QRI-5 reading assessment, but this video was reassuring in the sense that I feel like I said about the same things as this teacher did at the beginning of the video. Next time though, I will be sure to ask the student about their reading past and habits because I thought that she had a good transition from conversation to assessment.

EDRD 7717 Module 2: Article Response

Making the Most of Assessments to Inform Instruction

      This article was very interesting because it challenged my way of thinking of assessment. Last year in my undergraduate, we talked a lot about assessment and its importance. Therefore, I understand that assessments are tools used within the classroom to determine a child's understanding of the content in order to guide the preceding instruction. Risko and Walker-Dalhouse named three different ways that teachers can "maximize their potential": "assess more than single skills", "use formative assessments", and "design multimodal assessments"  (Risko & Walker-Dalhouse, 2010, pg. 420). 

      I completely agree with their statement that a lot of tests that I have seen administered over the past few years "focus more on literal comprehension than higher levels of comprehension" (Risko & Walker-Dalhouse, 2010, pg. 420). It is so important that we give our children more credit and allow them to think on a deeper level because that is when they will really begin to fully understand and absorb the information they have been learning. One way to get away from very explicit questioning when dealing with comprehension is to ask the students more open-ended questions in order to allow the students to make text to text, text to self, and text to world connections. 

      Formative assessments are also important in guiding instruction because they are something that needs to be done regularly in order to get a true understanding of the children's knowledge. Formative assessments need to be something that goes along with the daily instruction, because as  Risko and Walker-Dalhouse stated, "Yet Popham (2008), who has conducted research on various forms of assessments, reminded us that most of these interim, benchmark, or periodic tests are not helpful for forming instructional decisions and Making the Most of Assessments to Inform Instruction that there is no research to suggest they have direct 

educational benefits for students" (Risko & Walker-Dalhouse, 2010, pg. 421). 

      Times have changed with the introduction of new technology and other educational breakthroughs, and with that needs to come a change in the way we teach our students. Children read and have access to literature such as blogs, social networking sites and other digital articles and stories, so it is important that we begin to bring those types of literature in to the classroom to use as a teaching tool. 

Resources 

Risko, V. J., & Walker-Dalhouse. (2010). Making the most of assessments to inform instruction.

          The Reading Teacher, 63(5), 420-422. DOI:10.1598/RT.63.5.7

EDRD 7717 Module 2: PowerPoints Response

Emergent Literacy

      The way that student's level of reading is categorized is through the use of "stages". The stages also have ages tacted on to them, however, the ages should not be used as a negative or positive when determining where a student is because they are generalizations. Stages should also not be looked at as concrete because students can fluctuate between two of the stages. Therefore, stages should be look at to simply

"give us a sense of what readers have accomplished, what they can do now, what they can potentially do, and what we can do to plan for their needs at any given time" (Emergent Literacy). 

      In order to teach our students in the best way, we need to keep two theorists in mind, as well as assess the student's often. Piaget's theories on Literacy Development were that children create and connect their own knowledge to things they were previously familiar with or "forming and reforming concepts in their minds". Also, student's Literacy Development is something that is shaped and builds off of things they have previously learned, and "not necesarily by imitating adults" (Emergent Literacy, Slide 4). Vygotsky's theories of how children learn best centered on the Zone of Proximal Development and Social Interactions. Children learn language and are able to absorb more when they are pushed to communicate more with others. We learned a lot about these two theoriest in my undergraduate, and we always talked about that the more you allow children to communitcate and the more you make them communicate the more progress they will show.    

      This PowerPoint also dicussed ways of assessing the student's reading which were alphabet-letter sound recognition test and high frequency word recognition test. These tests allow the teacher to take a deeper look in to the student's understanding. After the completion of these tests, the teacher will be able to determine what specific challenges the student may be facing. Then, the teacher will be able to determine which direction the remaining lessons need to focus on.

Assessment of Reading and Writing Process

      When I thought "writing assessment", the only thing that came to mind was using a rubric to check the student's ideas, orgnization, voice, word choice, conventions and handwriting; however, after reading I discovered that there were so many different things that could be done to assess the progress of your students' writing. Assessing a child's vocabulary can be as easy as listening and looking for the types of words that the student uses in writing and on a regular basis. It is also important to assess every stage of a student's writing: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and final draft because then the teacehr can see how the story has evolved. The teacher could also use a Writing Portfolio because it will also show the student's growth and progress. The writing process and portfolio can be assessed using the same rubric that I described earlier, but it is important to look at more than the final draft.